Abnormal bladder

Megacystis is defined as an abnormally large appearing bladder usually associated with hydro-ureteronephrosis or cystic dysplastic kidneys. It can be caused by obstructive conditions, such as posterior urethral valves, urethral steno-atresia, and persistent cloaca or non-obstructive causes related to neurologic and/or genetic disorders (i.e. megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome).

Bladder exstrophy (BE) is a rare congenital anomaly caused by failure of the lower abdominal wall and bladder to close during fetal development. This leads to eversion of the bladder structures and portions of the urethra through a midline defect of the anterior abdominal wall.

Congenital megalourethra is a rare condition defined by dilatation of the penile urethra due to agenesis of the penile corpus cavernosum and/or spongiosum.