Cardiac Disproportion

CoA encompasses a spectrum of lesions, ranging from segmental narrowing to severe tubular hypoplasia of the whole transverse arch. In 35%–45% of cases, it is an isolated heart defect, but in the remaining 55%–65% of cases, associated cardiac anomalies include VSD, aortic and mitral valve anomalies.

Interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) is characterized by a complete separation of the ascending and descending aorta . The interruption may occur at the level of the isthmus (type A), proximal to the left subclavian artery (type B), or between the innominate and left common carotid artery (Type C).

TAPVR or TAPVC is a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the veins bringing blood back from the lungs (pulmonary veins) do not connect directly to the left atrium in the usual anatomical arrangement but instead, connect to the heart by way of an abnormal (anomalous) connection into the right atrium, either directly or indirectly.