Assessment of adnexal masses using ultrasound

Struma ovarii is a rare form of ovarian mature teratoma that contains mostly thyroid tissue. Malignant transformation is uncommon, only about 5% of struma ovarii being malignant. The variable sonographic features of struma ovarii and its rare occurrence makes the sonographic diagnosis very challenging.

Dysgerminomas are malignant ovarian germ-cell tumors. Malignant germ-cell tumors of the ovary occur in young women, 75% being diagnosed in the second and third decades of life. At macroscopic evaluation, ovarian dysgerminomas are characteristically solid and well-encapsulated with an average diameter of 15 cm.

Sertoli cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors and Leydig cell tumors are sex cord-stromal tumors, and one of the rarest gynecological malignancies, accounting for 0.5-1 % of ovarian tumors. Sertoli cell tumors and Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are most common in young patients.

Brenner tumors are surface epithelial–stromal tumors of the ovary, which were first described in detail by Fritz Brenner in 1907. Brenner tumors represent 3.2 % of all ovarian tumors. About 99% of them are benign and most patients are postmenopausal. Brenner tumors are usually unilateral.

Borderline ovarian tumors (BOTs) are epithelial tumors with low grade of malignancy.  BOTs account for 10–15% of epithelial ovarian tumors. These tumors occur in younger women, with almost 30% of patients younger than 40 years, and are often diagnosed at an earlier stage than invasive carcinomas.

Clear cell carcinoma represents 5–25% of all ovarian carcinomas. Tumors can measure up to 30 cm in diameter. In most cases, the cut surface reveals a thick-walled cyst with papillary projections. The histologic patterns include tubulocystic, papillary and solid. The most representative image on ultrasound is a unilateral mass larger than 10 cm with a solid component.

Endometrioid carcinoma represents 10-15% of ovarian epithelial carcinomas. In 15-20% of cases endometrial carcinoma is diagnosed at the same time. Tumors are solid or cystic with a mass protruding into the lumen. The most common microscopic pattern is characterised by a confluent glandular epithelial proliferation.

Mucinous carcinomas comprise 2–3% of ovarian carcinomas. Most mucinous carcinomas are well differentiated, containing areas of cystadenoma and atypical proliferative tumor mixed with areas of carcinoma. The size and laterality of the tumor can suggest whether it is primary or metastatic in nature.

Low grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) is a rare disease whereas high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC) is the most common ovarian malignancy. Non-invasive LGSCs are often bilateral and papillae on the outer surface of the cyst are frequently present. Invasive LGSCs exhibit a papillary growth.

The ovary is a common site of metastases from malignant tumors. Most metastases in the ovaries originate in the gastrointestinal tract or the breast. The distinction between primary and metastatic ovarian neoplasm is of critical importance, since surgical cytoreduction is the treatment of choice for the former.

Extrapelvic endometriosis most often affects the gastrointestinal tract, umbilicus, inguinal area, cesarean scar, diaphragm and pelvic nerves. The diagnosis is challenging and imaging methods can be used to access suspected lesions, and to evaluate the pelvic cavity since isolated extraperitoneal endometriosis is rare.

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This leaflet is to help you understand what Borderline Ovarian Tumor is, how does it happen, what tests you need and what are the long term implications of the diagnosis.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed with Epithelial ovarian carcinoma for you, your baby and your family.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Granulosa cell tumor is, how does it happen, what tests you need and what are the long term implications of the diagnosis.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Malignant struma ovarii is, how does it happen, what tests you need and what are the long term implications of the diagnosis.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Metastatic Lesions are, what causes them, what tests you need and what the implications of being diagnosed with a tumor.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Metastases of the Ovary is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed with Metastases of the Ovary for you, your baby and your family.

This leaflet is to help you understand what an ovarian carcinosarcoma is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed are for you, your baby and your family.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Endometriosis is, how does it happen, what tests you need and what are the long term implications of the diagnosis?

This leaflet is to help you understand what anterior compartment endometriosis is, what tests you need and the implication of being diagnosed, as well as the treatment options available to you.

This leaflet is to help you understand what Endometriosis is, how does it happen, what tests you need and what are the long term implications of the diagnosis?